AP Biology Unit 2: Cell Structure and Function — Mind Map

Covers prokaryotic vs. eukaryotic cells, organelle functions, the endomembrane system, the surface area to volume ratio, the fluid mosaic membrane model, passive and active transport, osmosis and tonicity, and the origin of eukaryotic cells via endosymbiotic theory.

Cell Structure and Function

Cell Theory
- Basic unit of life
- All organisms composed of cells
- Cells from pre-existing cells
Cell Types
- Prokaryotic
  - No nucleus
  - No membrane-bound organelles
  - Circular DNA
  - Bacteria and Archaea
- Eukaryotic
  - Nucleus
  - Membrane-bound organelles
  - Linear DNA
  - Animals, Plants, Fungi, Protists
Subcellular Components
- Nucleus: Genetic control
- Ribosomes: Protein synthesis
- Endomembrane System
  - Rough ER: Protein folding
  - Smooth ER: Lipid synthesis
  - Golgi: Sorting and packaging
  - Lysosomes: Waste degradation
  - Vacuoles: Storage
- Energy Organelles
  - Mitochondria: Cellular respiration
  - Chloroplasts: Photosynthesis
  - Endosymbiotic theory origin
- Cytoskeleton
  - Microtubules: Transport tracks
  - Microfilaments: Actin motility
  - Intermediate filaments: Anchor organelles
Plasma Membrane
- Fluid Mosaic Model
- Components
  - Phospholipid bilayer
  - Integral and peripheral proteins
  - Cholesterol: Fluidity buffer
  - Carbohydrates: Cell recognition
- Selective permeability
Membrane Transport
- Passive Transport
  - Simple diffusion
  - Facilitated diffusion
  - Osmosis
- Active Transport
  - Primary: Uses ATP
  - Secondary: Uses gradients
  - Sodium-Potassium pump
- Bulk Transport
  - Endocytosis: Phagocytosis/Pinocytosis
  - Exocytosis
Osmoregulation
- Water potential
- Tonicity: Hyper/Hypo/Isotonic
- Solute potential calculation
Cell Size Constraints
- Surface Area to Volume Ratio
- Metabolic efficiency
- Structural adaptations: Folds/Microvilli